VOCAB:
functional zonation: division of a city into different regions or zones for certain purposes or functions
zone: area with a designated purpose
central city: urban area that is not suburban (older city vs. newer suburbs)
suburb: outlying, functionally uniform part of an urban area often adjacent to
the center city
suburbanization: process where lands outside of the city become urbanized
galactic city: complex urban area, centrality of functions not significant (often central city is festival or recreational purposes), examples: LA & Toronto
concentric zone model: A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings, from Ernest Burgess Chicago
study
sector model: the theory of urban structure that a city develops in a series of certain sectors, instead of rings., attempts to answer limitations of Burgess model, by Homer Hoyt
multiple nuclei model: model of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities, By Chanucy Harris & Edward Ullman
megacities: city where high population growth *migration has caused
them to explode in population
Griffin Ford Model: Combines Latin American Culture & globalization by combining radial sectors &concentric zones. Includes a thriving CBD with a commercial spine. The quality of houses decreases as one moves outward away from the CBD, & the areas of worse housing occurs in the Disamenity sectors.
shantytowns: Unplanned slum developments on the
margins of cities, crude dwellings/shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and even pieces of cardboard.
disamenity sector: poorest parts of cities; can be unconnected to regular city services, controlled by gangs/drug lords.
McGee model: T.G. McGhee, a model showing similar land-use patterns among medium sized cities of SE Asia, focal point is the old colonial port zone,
no any CBD in Asia, but elements of the CBD as separate clusters surrounding the port zone..
Extra Packet Vocab:
edge city: cities made to pull CBD functions outside of the major city
barrio/favelas: unchanging slums in disamentity sector
periferico: beyond the highway ring
metropolitan area: cities & surroundings
European Cities
*center cities typically have dense conglomeration of residential, retail, civic, and religious structures
*often little to no planning since they grow over time
*narrow and winding streets
*some well off neighborhoods
*outside of the cores is a preindustrial periphery, once poor and heavily affected by transportation
* next areas are industrial and post industrial suburbs
*many ethnic neighborhoods from former colonies or occasionally post WWII
cultivated relationships
Luxembourg's Winding Streets
| Map of Madrid, Spain
| Athens, Greece
|
Jamaica in London
| Algerians in France
| Turks in Germany
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Galactic Cities (not Star Wars..)
Centrality does not matter. Ethnic and varied neighborhoods are all connected to one another and important people via transportation. Old downtown is festival or recreational site
North American City Models
Concentric Zone Model
*Ernest Burgess of Chicago in the 1920s
*concentric zones (circles)
*center = central business district or (CBD) with the theater, commercial, retail
*Transition 2 = business and light manufacturing/residential deteriorization
*Zone 3 = modest blue collar homes
*Zone 4 = middle class residences,
*Zone 5 = suburban ring
* assumes rent increases as you go
out
*assumes density decreases as you go out
*based on bid-rent curve
| Criticisms:
does not account for physical barriers or gentrification. It is assumes and isotropic plain. It does not account for globalization or political concerns. Zones are never one purpose.
|
Criticisms:
Areas of low cost living not usually correct
Assumes no city planning
Does not take suburbs into account
| Sector Model
*Homer Hoyt, answer to limits of concentric zones
*city grows out from the center
*pie like zones
*city grows from the center out
*zones extend the whole length of the city
*zones are high rent, low rent, intermediate rent, education and recreation, transportation, and industrial
|
Multiple Nuclei Model
*Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman
*mid 20th century
*CDB losing dominance
*several regions have a nuclei that compete among each other
| Criticisms
No influence of height or government considered.
Not based on any actual city
Gives a very fuzzy unclear spatial picture
|
Megacities:
*large populations, vast areas of territory, and strained infrastructure
*found in developing areas
*Mumbai, India; Mexico City; Sao Paulo, Brazil
South American City
| Griffin-Ford Model
*Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford
*blends South American culture with globalization
*combines radial sectors and concentric zones
*anchored by CBD; business, employment, and entertainment
*CBD split between traditional and modern high rise
*commercial spine surrounded by elite residences with high level services
*concentric zones for less well off
*shantytowns exist
*disamenity sector
belonging to non governmental organizations, includes barrios or favelas, can reach core, usually outside
*highway ring
*industrial park and a gentrification zone
* see improvement in gentrification and middle
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African City
Subsaharan African Model
*Subsaharan Africa is the least urbanized
*despite low urbanization levels, it is the fastest growing in urbanization
*imprint of European colonialism present
*colonial cities on ports or interior
*some cities are neither traditional nor colonial
*often has 3 CBD (informal, periodic market, transitional business
*sector encircles ethnic and mixed neighborhoods
*often still
see mining or manufacturing
*shantytowns on the outside
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|
Southeast Asian City
| McGee Model
*contains some of the most populated cities (Kuala Lumpur, Jakarata)
*1967, T.G. McGee
*Focal point: Old Colonial Port Zone and surrounding commercial district
*no formal CBD zone
*cluster zones: government zone, Western commercial zone, alien commercial zone (often Chinese dominated), mixed land use (including light industry)
*other zones: market gardening at the outskirts and a farther industrial
park
*similiar to the Griffin-Ford: both sector and zone hybrids
*has a middle class housing in suburbs (larger middle class)
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Which model of urban structure is based on a city with nodes?
Which model of urban structure is based on a city with nodes? Multiple nuclei model.
Why are people attracted to suburbs?
Cost of living in the suburban areas is generally lower than in the city centers, which makes it attractive for young families, migrants and students to settle in. A good proportion of the suburban population are part of the workforce which means that they have steady income and can afford to pay rent.
What is the process of converting the neighborhood from low income to middle class?
Gentrification: A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a mostly low income renter-occupied area to a mostly middle to upper-middle class owner-occupied area.
What is the process of legally adding land area to a city?
Annexation is the process of legally adding land area to a city.