| Learning | A relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavioral potential) due to experience |
| Behaviorism | An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinant of behavior |
| Conditioning | A basic kind of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and the organism's responses |
| Unconditioned stimulus (US) | The classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning |
| Unconditioned response (UR) | The classical-conditioning term for a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning |
| Conditioned stimulus (CS) | The classical-conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus |
| Conditioned response (CR) | The classical-conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus; occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus |
| Classical conditioning | The process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response |
| Extinction | The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response; in classical conditioning, it occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus |
| Spontaneous recovery | The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction |
| Higher-order conditioning | In classical conditioning, a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with analready established conditioned stimulus |
| Stimulus generalization | After conditioning, the tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles one involved in the original conditioning; in classical conditioning, it occurs when a stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response |
| Stimulus discrimination | The tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli; in classical conditioning, it occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS fails to evoke the CR |
| Counterconditioning | In classical conditioning, the process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response |
| Operant conditioning | The process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences |
| Reinforcement | The process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows |
| Punishment | The process by which a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probability of the response that it follows |
| Instinctive drift | The tendency of an organism to revert to an instinctive behavior over time; it can interfere with learning |
| Positive reinforcement | A reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the presentation of, or increase in intensity of, a reinforcing stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur |
| Negative reinforcement | A reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the removal, delay, or decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus, as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur |
| Primary reinforcer | A stimulus that is inherently reinforcing, typically satisfying a physiological need; an example is food |
| Primary punisher | A stimulus that is inherently punishing; an example is an electric shock |
| Secondary reinforcer | A stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through association with other reinforcers |
| Secondary punisher | A stimulus that has acquired punishing properties through association with other punishers |
| Extinction | The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response; in operant conditioning, it occurs when a response is no longer followed by a reinforcer |
| Stimulus generalization | In operant conditioning, the tendency for a response that has been reinforced (or punished) in the presence of one stimulus to occur (or be suppressed) in the presence of another, similar, stimulus |
| Stimulus discrimination | In operant conditioning, the tendency of a response to occur in the presence of one stimulus but not in the presence of other, similar, stimuli that differ from it in some dimension |
| Discriminative stimulus | A stimulus that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence |
| Stimulus control | Control over the occurrence of a response by a discriminative stimulus |
| Continuous reinforcement | A reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is always reinforced |
| Intermittent (partial) schedule of reinforcement | A reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is sometimes but not always reinforced |
| Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule | An intermittent schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs only after a fixed number of responses |
| Variable ratio (VR) schedule | An intermittent schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs after a variable number of responses |
| Fixed-interval (FI) schedule | An intermittent schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a fixed period of time has elapsed since the last reinforcer |
| Variable interval (VI) schedule | An intermittent schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for a response made after a variable period of time has elapsed since the last reinforcer |
| Shaping | An operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced; used when the desired response has a low probability of occurring spontaneously |
| Behavior modification | The application of conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behavior |
| Token economy | A behavior-modification technique in which secondary reinforcers called tokens, which can be collected and exchanged for primary or other secondary reinforcers, are used to shape behavior |
| Extrinsic reinforcers | Reinforcers that are not inherently related to the activity being reinforced, such as money, prizes and praise |
| Intrinsic reinforcers | Reinforcers that are inherently related to the activity being reinforced, such as enjoyment of the task and the satisfaction of accomplishment |
| Social-learning theories | Theories that emphasize how behavior is learned and maintained through observation and imitation of others, positive consequences, and cognitive processes such as plans, expectations and motivting beliefs |
| Observational learning | A process in which an individual learns new responses by observing the behavior of another (a model) rather than through direct experience |
| Latent learning | A form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without obvious reinforcement |
| Cognitive map | A mental representation of the environment |
| Insight | A form of problem solving that appears to involve the (often sudden) understanding of how elements of a situation are related or can be reorganized to achieve a solution |
What elicits a conditioned response?
In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response.
What do we call a response that occurs in the presence of the conditioned stimulus response?
Once the neutral stimulus elicits a conditioned response, the neutral stimulus becomes known as a conditioned stimulus. The conditioned response is the same as the unconditioned response, but occurs in the presence of the conditioned stimulus rather than the unconditioned stimulus.
When stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus fails to evoke the conditioned response then stimulus generalization has occurred?
Stimulus discrimination occurs when, after conditioning, an organism responds to a stimulus that resembles the stimulus involved in the original conditioning. False. When a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus fails to evoke the conditioned response, then stimulus generalization has occurred.
What does a conditioned stimulus elicit?
The pairing of an initially neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus—CS) with a biologically relevant stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus—US) comes to elicit a response (conditioned response—CR) that is usually but not always similar to the response previously associated with the unconditioned stimulus (the ...