Is a techniqueof gathering data whereby you personally watch, interact, or communicate with the subject in your research. It lets you record what people exactly do and say in their everyday life on earth
• PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
• NON-PARTICIPANT OR STRUCTURED OBSERVATION
The observer, who is the researcher, takes part in the activities of the individual or group being observed.
This initial part of the record describe the people, places, events, conversation, and the other things involved in the activities or object focus on by the research
It gives you interpretation or reflection about everything you observed, it is the second part of the diary
This type of observation completely detaches you from the target of your observation. You just watch andlisten to them do their own things, without you participating in any of their activities.
NON-PARTICIPATION OR STRUCTURED OBSERVATION
Recording of non participant observation happens through the use of ______
• DIRECTOBSERVATION
• INDIRECT OBSERVATION
a) Continuous monitoring or CM
b) Spot sampling
Two types of Spot sampling
• TIMEALLOCATION(TA)
• EXPERIENCE SAMPLING
This observation method make you see or listen to everything that happens in the area of observation
This observation is also called behavior archeology because, here you observed traces of past events to get information or a measure of behavior, trait, or quality of your subject
Central to this method of observation or things you listen through tape recording and those you see in pictures, letters, notices, minutes of meetings, business correspondence, garbage cans, and so on
Here you observed to evaluate the people deal with one another as such, this is the main gathering data technique used in behavioral psychology serve as a focus of studies in this field of discipline
Name also as scan sampling or timesampling
It is what goes in to the record or the best activities of people you observed in undetermined places and time
It lets you record peoples responses anytime of the day or week to question their present activities,companions, feelings and so on
Is a data gathering technique that makes you verbally ask the subjects or respondents questions to give answers to what your research is trying to look for.
It is done mostly in qualitative research studies, aims at knowing what the respondentsthink and feelabout the topic of your research
This data gathering technique occurs between you, the researcher and your respondents in a face to face situation. In this case you speak directly with your respondent, individualy, or collectively
Using electronic and technological communication devices like the internet, mobile phones, email, tec., interview can be considered as ______________
STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW
SEMI-STRUCTUREDINTERVIEW
This is an interview that requires the use of an interview schedule or a list of questions answerable with one and only item from a set of alternative responses.
The respondents answer the questions based on what they personally think and feel about it.
There are no suggested answers. They purely depend on the respondents decision making skills, giving them opportunity to think critically about the question
The characteristics of the first two types are found in the third of interview called ______________
SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
You prepare a schedule or a list of questions that is accompanied by a list expressions from where the respondents can pick out the correct answer
SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
After choosing one from the suggested answers, the respondents answer another set of questions to make them explain the reasons behind their choices
SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
1. INDIVIDUAL INTERVIEW
2. GROUP INTERVIEW
3. MEDIATED INTERVIEW
a) SYNCHRONOUS
b) ASYNCHRONOUS
Only one respondent is interviewed. The reason behind is the lack of trust the interviewees have among themselves
This is a time consuming type of interview because you have to interview a group of interviewees one by one
In this interview approach, you ask the question not to one person, but to a group of people at the same time.
The group members take turns in answering the question.
This approach is often used in the fields of business, specifically in marketing research.
Group interview is also called as
Researchers in this field, whose primary aim adhering to this interview approach are to know peoples food preferences and consumer opinions
No face to face interview is true for this interview approach because this takes place throughelectroniccommunication devices such as telephones, mobile phones, email, among others
This disregards non verbal communication, many nonetheless, consider this better because of the big number of responsdents it is capable of reaching despite cost, distance, and human disabilities affecting the interview
Two Types of Mediated Interview
Steps in Conducting an Interview
1. Getting to know Each Other
2. Having an idea of the research
3. Starting the Interview
4. Conducting the interview proper
5. Putting an end to the interview
6. Pondering Over Interview Afterthoughts
Is a paper containing a list of questions including the specific place and space in the paper where you write the answers from the questions.
This prepared set of questions elicit factual or opinionated answers from the respondents through his or her acts of checking one chosen answer from several options or of writing on a line provided for any opinionated answer
POSTAL QUESTIONNAIRE
SELF ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRE
As the names connotes, this type of questionnaire goes to the respondent through postal service or electronic mail.
It is though the mail or postal system that the accomplished questionnaires will be sent back to the researchers.
In some cases the researcher can personally collect finished questionnaires
This kind of questionaires makes you act as the interviewer and the interviewee at the same time.
SELF ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRE
A questionnaire like this fits a structured kind of interview
SELFADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRES
First you ask the questions either in person or through phone: then, you will be writing the interviewees answer on a piece of paper
SELF ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRE
Is a process of understanding or known facts or assumptions serving a the basis of any claims or conclusions you have about something.
Is a process of understanding or known facts or assumptions serving aa the basis of any claims or conclusions ypu have about something.
You collect these data in many ways: observation, interview, documentary, analysis, and research instruments like questionnaires tests, etc.
In analysing data, you go through __________ and _________
Is your act of using symbols like letters or words to represent arbitrary or subjective data (emotions, opinions, attitudes) to ensure secrecy or privacy of the datat
Is your way of bringing together the coded data. Giving the data an orderly appearance andputting them in a graph,specifically a table of responses
Is also used to name this table of responses that consists of table of cases and their associated variables
1. PROFILE MATRIX
2. PROXIMITY MATRIX
Shows measurements of variable or factors fore set of cases or respondents
Indicates measurements of similarities and differences between items.
Two types of Proximity Matrix
SIMILARITY MATRIX
DISSIMILARITY MATRIX
If the measurements show how alike things are
If the measurements show how different they are
You analyze or study data that reflect the respondents thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or views about something
QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
These are subjective data that are expressed in words, and these words serve as the unit of analysis in a qualitative type of research
QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
You examine these subjective data to understand how related or relevant they are to your research problem or specific research questions
QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
Is a time consuming process. It makes you deal with data coming from wide sources of information
QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
Is a rigorous act of a thematic or theoretical organization of ideas or information into a certain format that is capable of presenting group responses
QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
Is a type of inferential or interpretative thinking that derives its validity, truthfulness, or reasonableness from your sensory experience
Makes you form conclusions that arises from the factual data you encountered and analysed