The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick
and easy method for including items in a category. (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin.)
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone
than algorithms.
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions.
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.
A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful
in the past.
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.
Representativeness Heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.
The tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments.
The way an issue is pose; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
The tendency for one’s pre-existing
beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.
Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
Cognition - the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Concept - a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
*Prototype
- a mental image or best example of a category.
*Algorithm - a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier -- but also more error-prone -- use of heuristics.
*Heuristic - a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
*Insight - a sudden and
often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
*Confirmation Bias - A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.
*Fixation - the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.
*Mental Set - a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
*Functional
Fixedness - the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
*Representativeness Heuristic - judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.
*Availability Heuristic - estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.
*Overconfidence
- the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments.
*Framing - the way an issue is posed; how as issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
*Belief Bias - the tendency for one's preexisting
beliefs to distort logical reasoning sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid or valid conclusions seem invalid.
*Belief Perseverance - clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
Language - our spoken written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
Phoneme - in a language the smallest distinctive sound unit.
Morpheme
- in a language the smallest unit that carries meaning.
Grammar - in a language a system of rules that enables us to communicate and understand others.
Semantics - the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes words and sentences in a given language also the study of meaning.
Syntax - the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
*Babbling Stage
- beginning at about 4 months the stage of speech development from about age 1 to 2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
Two-Word Stage - beginning about age 2 the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in 2 word statements.
Telegraphic Speech - early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words.
*Linguistic Determinism
- Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
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Term
Definition
a mental category for classifying objects, people or experiences
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Definition
according to Rosch, a mental model containing the most typical features of a concept
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Definition
a step-by-step method of problem solving that guarantees a correct solution
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Definition
rules of thumb that help in simplifying and solving problems, although they do not guarantee a correct solution
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Representativeness Heuristic
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a heuristic by which a new situation is judged by a stereotypical model
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Definition
a heuristic by which a judgement is made based off of information form memories
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Definition
the tendency to look for evidence in support of a belief and to ignore evidence that would disprove a belief
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Definition
Sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
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Definition
Inability to see a problem from a new perspective
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Definition
Tendency to approach a problem in a particular way (successful in the past but not helpful in solving new problems)
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Definition
Tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
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Definition
Tendency to be more confident than correct
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The way an issue is posed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
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Definition
Tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
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Definition
Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
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Definition
In a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unitEx. Consonants b, d, sVowels a, e, i, o, uDigraphs sh, th, wh
Diphthongs oi, au
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Definition
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning Ex. Prefix, Suffix
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Definition
A system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others
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The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language Ex. Order of noun, verb, adjectives in a sentence
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The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language The study of Meaning
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Beginning at 3 to 4 months The stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
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From about age 1 to 2
The stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words
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Definition
Beginning about age 2 The stage in speech development during which a child speaks in mostly two-word statements
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process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language
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Language Acquisition Device
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SpearmanFactor underlies specific mental abilitiesPeople who are high on one factor are high on others
For example, those high on verbal are above average on spatial or reasoning tasks
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Definition
GolemanKnowing one’s own emotionsManaging one’s emotionsUsing one’s emotions to motivate oneselfRecognizing the emotions of others
Managing Relationships
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Definition
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Triarchia Theory : Analytic/Componential
Definition
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Triarchia Theory : Creative/Experiential
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Ability to adapt to novel situations
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Triarchia Theory : Practical/Contextual
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Ability to react to everyday tasks with multiple possible solutions
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Statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test Used to identify different dimension of performance
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Intelligence Quotient the ratio of Mental age (MA) to Chronological age (CA)
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Measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet Chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
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created a intelligence test
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revised Binet's intelligence test at Stanford university
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designed to assess what a person has learned
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a substantial and long-sustained increase in intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world
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when a test yields consistent results
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when test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
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when a test samples the behavior that is of interest
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Behavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict
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Assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
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What is a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make Judgements and solve problems efficiently?
Heuristics are simple, thinking strategies that allow us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently. Heuristics are less time consuming, but more error-prone than algorithms. Heuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to problems.
Which of the following problem solving strategies allows us to solve problems quickly?
A problem-solving strategy that is also designed to be faster than an algorithm is a heuristic. Heuristics are basically educated guesses, based on general knowledge of the world, which can help us solve problems faster.
What term describes a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem?
A heuristic, or heuristic technique, is any approach to problem-solving that uses a practical method or various shortcuts in order to produce solutions that may not be optimal but are sufficient given a limited timeframe or deadline.
What effect do heuristics have on problem solving quizlet?
Heuristics, on the other hand, are short cuts or simple strategies that allow us to solve problems more efficiently and quickly, usually faster, although more errors may result.
