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Institutional access
Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways:
IP based access
Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.
Sign in through your institution
Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institution’s website and Oxford Academic.
- Click Sign in through your institution.
- Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in.
- When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account.
- Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic.
If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institution’s website, please contact your librarian or administrator.
Sign in with a library card
Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian.
Society Members
Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways:
Sign in through society site
Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you see ‘Sign in through society site’ in the sign in pane within a journal:
- Click Sign in through society site.
- When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account.
- Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic.
If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society.
Sign in using a personal account
Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. See below.
Personal account
A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions.
Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members.
Viewing your signed in accounts
Click the account icon in the top right to:
- View your signed in personal account and access account management features.
- View the institutional accounts that are providing access.
Signed in but can't access content
Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian.
Institutional account management
For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more.
Understanding:
• Evolution of homologous structures by adaptive radiation explains similarities in structure when there are
differences in function
Comparative anatomy of groups of organisms may show
certain structural features that are similar, implying common ancestry
- Anatomical features that are similar in basic structure despite being used in different ways are called homologous structures
- The more similar the homologous structures between two species are, the more closely related they are likely to be
Homologous structures illustrate adaptive radiation, whereby several new species rapidly
diversify from an ancestral source, with each new species adapted to utilise a specific unoccupied niche
Application:
• Comparison of the pentadactyl limb of mammals, birds, amphibians & reptiles with different modes of locomotion
A classical example of
homologous structures is the pentadactyl limb in a variety of different animals
- Mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles all share a similar arrangement of bones in their appendages based on a five-digit limb
Despite possessing similar bone arrangements, animal limbs may be highly dissimilar according to the mode of locomotion:
- Human hands are adapted for tool manipulation (power vs precision grip)
- Bird and bat wings are adapted for flying
- Horse hooves are adapted for galloping
- Whale and dolphin fins are adapted for swimming
The Pentadactyl Limb