Which of the following is an ethical obligation of psychological studies Quizlet

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Terms in this set (158)

Which of the following is the foundation of most ethical decisions in
psychology?
A) self-interest versus what is good for others
B) tension between potential costs and benefits
C) objective versus subjective understanding of truth
D) the dichotomy between good and evil

b

Which of the following is true?
A) There are no ethical guidelines governing how far scientists can
go in their pursuit of knowledge.
B) There are ethical guidelines governing how far scientists can go in
their pursuit of knowledge, but they are based on each scientist's
own moral compass.
C) There are ethical guidelines set forth by the Belmont Report
detailing how far scientists can go in their pursuit of knowledge.
D) Scientists are not allowed to use any form of deception or harm
when conducting studies.

c

Ethics are:
A) what a person should do.
B) what a person should not do.
C) the application of moral principles to help guide one's decisions
and behavior.
D) abstract philosophical doctrines governing behavioral practices.

c

Ethical dilemmas in psychology are complex because:
A) there is often only one right answer.
B) there is often only one wrong answer.
C) the right answer often contradicts what would benefit the
researcher.
D) there is neither a right answer nor a wrong answer.

d

What is the utilitarian perspective?
A) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on doing the least
amount of good for people
B) the believe that ethical decisions should be based on acting in
accordance with one's own self-interest
C) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping
without personal benefit
D) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on doing the
greatest good for the greatest number of people
Page

d

The belief that ethical decisions should be based on acting in
accordance with one's own self-interest is called:
A) the utilitarian perspective.
B) egoism.
C) the altruistic perspective.
D) beneficence.

b

What is the altruistic perspective?
A) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping in a
way that provides the greatest personal benefit
B) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on acting in
accordance with one's own self-interest
C) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping
without personal benefit
D) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on doing the
greatest good for the greatest number of people

c

The belief that ethical decisions should be based on acting in
accordance with one's own self-interest is known as _____, whereas
the belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping without
personal benefit is known as _____.
A) the utilitarian perspective; the altruistic perspective
B) egoism; the utilitarian perspective
C) the utilitarian perspective; egoism
D) egoism; the altruistic perspective

d

Which of the following states that researchers have an ethical
obligation to improve the wellbeing of others as much as possible?
A) freedom
B) respect
C) justice
D) beneficence

d

Self is to other as:
A) altruistic perspective is to utilitarian perspective.
B) utilitarian perspective is to egoism.
C) egoism is to utilitarian perspective.
D) altruistic perspective is to egoism.

c

What is the Belmont Report?
A) a report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting
research involving humans
B) a report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting
research involving animals
C) a report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting
research involving children
D) a report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting
research involving prisoners

a

How many principles are outlined in the Belmont Report?
A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

b

Which of the following is NOT one of the principles outlined in the
Belmont Report?
A) beneficence
B) respect
C) justice
D) integrity

d

What is beneficence?
A) fairness in determining who will benefit and be put at risk by
research
B) freedom of participants to make their own decisions about
participating in research
C) an ethical obligation to improve the well-being of others as much
as possible
D) a mandate prohibiting deception in research studies

c

Each of the following is a benefit that counts toward the cost-benefit
analysis, EXCEPT:
A) participants gain knowledge about the research process.
B) participants may receive compensation for their time and effort.
C) results of the study may benefit society and/or the field of
psychology.
D) the researcher may obtain personal gain from publishing the work.
Page

d

Which study as the most obvious beneficence?
A) a social psychology study examining conformity
B) a developmental psychology study examining moral development
in preschoolers
C) a health psychology study aimed at minimizing risk of cancer
D) a clinical psychology study examining dosage for anxiety
medication

c

One goal when conducting research is nonmaleficence. This is an
ethical objective to:
A) minimize or eliminate risks to study participants.
B) maximize risks to study participants.
C) maintain fairness in determining who will benefit and be put at risk
by research.
D) allow participants to freely make their own decisions about
participating in research.

a

Which of the following ethical principles is the most central to the
utilitarian perspective of ethical understanding?
A) beneficence
B) integrity
C) respect
D) justice

a

Researchers can assure _____, but cannot guarantee _____.
A) anonymity; confidentiality
B) anonymity; beneficence
C) confidentiality; anonymity
D) confidentiality; respect

c

Anonymity is:
A) when the responses and behaviors of participants become public
knowledge.
B) when researcher use coding to separate participant names from
data.
C) a guarantee that individual responses cannot be linked to
individual participants.
D) the physical toll that study participation takes on the participants

c

After collecting the data for her thesis project, Rae places the master
list of participants' names in a locked filing cabinet separate from
where she keeps her data. Rae stores her information in this way to
maintain:
A) confidentiality.
B) respect.
C) justice.
D) informed consent.

a

Imagine that you are a participant in a research study. Which of the
following would you have the right to expect?
A) confidentiality
B) compensation
C) anonymity
D) deception

a

When conducting a cost-benefit analysis, each of the following is a
potential cost that must be considered, EXCEPT:
A) loss of confidentiality.
B) physical harm.
C) psychological harm.
D) beneficence.

d

During the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, researchers never told the
participants they had syphilis, nor did they treat any participants for
their illness. In this example, the researchers ignored the cost of:
A) physical harm.
B) anonymity.
C) beneficence.
D) integrity.

a

Which of the following is the hardest to recognize, given the personal
and emotional nature of the impact?
A) physical harm
B) legal harm
C) psychological harm
D) economic harm

c

Which of the following includes distress, concern, and lowered selfesteem?
A) physical harm
B) legal harm
C) psychological harm
D) economic harm

c

The greatest ethical cost of Milgram's classical work on obedience, in
which participants were erroneously led to believe they were
delivering harmful shocks to the confederate, is that it caused _____ to
the participant.
A) physical harm
B) legal harm
C) psychological harm
D) economic harm

c

Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, in which participants acting as
guards began to abuse other participants who were role-playing as
prisoners, could not be replicated today, because it caused too much:
A) physical and legal harm.
B) psychological and financial harm.
C) physical and psychological harm.
D) legal and economic harm.

c

Which of the following caused the most physical harm to participants?
A) Milgram's obedience study
B) the Stanford Prison Study
C) the Tuskegee Syphilis Study
D) Wendell Johnson's stuttering study

c

If a research question requires the researcher to induce stress in
participants:
A) the research cannot be conducted.
B) at the end of the study, the researcher must return participants to
same or better physical and psychological state.
C) researchers must ensure the presence of residual stress after the
research study.
D) it is fine as long as the researcher believes the benefits outweigh
the costs.

b

Jasper has proposed a study in which best friends are led to believe
that there are hurt feelings and unspoken animosity in the relationship.
If you were evaluating his study for adherence to the ethical principle
of beneficence, which would you be most concerned about?
A) psychological harm
B) physical harm
C) economic harm
D) legal harm

a

Nabil is examining whether taking the medicine, Lactaid, will make
people more tolerant of lactose in dairy products. In order to do this,
he assigns the participants in the control condition to eat dairy,
knowing that they will not receive medication to help their digestive
systems handle the lactose. In this case, which of the following should
be of greatest concern to Nabil?
A) psychological harm
B) physical harm
C) economic harm
D) legal harm

b

Which of the following is a cost of NOT conducting research?
A) failing to find important information that will improve the human
condition
B) loss of confidentiality of participants
C) psychological harm of the research
D) egoism

a

Justice pertains to:
A) how researchers maintain confidentiality.
B) not coercing participation in the study.
C) fairness in who is used as study participants.
D) maximizing beneficial outcomes of research studies.

c

Targeting studies toward _____ represents a violation of justice.
A) adults
B) children
C) college students
D) females

b

Each of the following would be considered vulnerable populations,
EXCEPT:
A) mental patients.
B) prisoners.
C) children.
D) college students.

d

Which best describes the use of vulnerable populations in research?
A) They cannot be used for psychological research.
B) They can be used if researchers are able to demonstrate that
potential benefits outweigh costs.
C) They can be used at any point because they are an important
subset of the population that needs investigating.
D) They can only be used if they need medical attention.

b

Random assignment of participants to conditions help to establish:
A) beneficence.
B) respect.
C) informed consent.
D) justice.

d

Jessa is a health psychologist who is examining the impact of a
medication on risk of heart attack. Approximately one year into her
study she realizes that participants in her experimental condition are
outliving participants in her control condition. Once she realizes that
her treatment offers a life-sustaining benefit, what should she do?
A) She should end the study and administer the treatment to all
participants.
B) She should continue the study but allow those in her control
condition to leave the study if they would like.
C) She should end the study and withhold the treatment from both
groups until the study can be replicated by another scientist who
can verify her findings.
D) She should continue the study, but let the control group know that
they are being kept from the effective medical treatment being
used in the experimental condition.

a

Autonomy means:
A) research must improve the well-being of others as much as
possible.
B) promising that the identity of research participants will not be
made public.
C) using other people's work without acknowledging that it is their
work.
D) participants must freely make an informed decision about their
participation in research.

d

Rules like participants have the right to skip questions, and
participants can end the study at any point demonstrate a
researcher's adherence to which principle?
A) beneficence
B) respect for persons
C) equality
D) justice

b

To pass Professor Smith's class, his students must participate in his
psychological study. If he makes no other options available to his
students, then his actions are a violation of:
A) justice.
B) beneficence.
C) respect for persons.
D) equality.

c

Dr. John Watson's research with the baby known as Little Albert
violated the principle of _____, because Albert's mother was Dr.
Watson's employee and may have felt forced into allowing her son's
participation.
A) respect for persons
B) beneficence
C) justice
D) equality

a

Beatrice needs ten more participants in order to complete her
dissertation project. Because recruitment has slowed down, she
decides to offer $100 to anyone willing to participate in her study.
What principle has Beatrice violated?
A) justice
B) beneficence
C) respect for persons
D) equality

c

Anthony is evaluating an IRB protocol that details a social psychology
study on conformity. The researcher would like to conduct his work
in the county jail. A review of the IRB protocol reveals that the
researcher anticipates providing compensation to the sheriff, rather
than to the inmates who would be the participants. For which of the
following principles would this protocol be most concerning?
A) justice
B) beneficence
C) respect for persons
D) equity

a

What is the Nuremberg Code?
A) a set of ethical principles specifying the need for beneficence,
justice, and respect in research involving humans
B) the tendency for researchers to avoid publishing the results from
experiments where there were no significant effects of the
experimental manipulation
C) a group within each research institution that determines whether a
proposed research project is ethical
D) a set of principles for human experimentation stating that the
voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential

d

The Nuremberg Code was a direct result of:
A) the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.
B) the prison camps during World War II.
C) the Milgram study on obedience.
D) the Zimbardo Prison Study.

b

The Nuremberg Code is to the 1940s as the Belmont Report is to the:
A) 1950s.
B) 1970s.
C) 1990s.
D) 2010s.

b

Bella is conducting an online study and participants can complete her
study without ever physically meeting with her. How might Bella
obtain informed consent from her participants in this online
environment?
A) have a written informed consent form that participants must print,
sign, and mail in
B) have no consent form, because online studies are ethical by
nature
C) have participants indicate consent by selecting the appropriate
button
D) ask the parents of participants to submit written assent

c

How do you obtain consent for mentally impaired participants?
A) you can't conduct research on a participant who is mentally
impaired
B) ask that individual personally
C) ask a parent or legal guardian for consent on that individual's
behalf
D) it is fine to conduct research on individuals who are mentally
impaired without having consent

c

The difference between consent and assent is that:
A) consent can only be given by the participant.
B) assent can only be given by a parent or legal guardian on behalf of
the participant.
C) consent is given by someone who does not have the ability to give
assent themselves.
D) assent is given by someone who does not have the ability to give
consent themselves.

d

Adult is the child as:
A) consent is to assent.
B) consent is to respect.
C) assent is to consent.
D) assent is to beneficence.

a

An ethical research study should maximize _____ and minimize _____.
A) costs; risks
B) risks; benefits
C) benefits; risks
D) nonmaleficence; benefits

c

Federal government is to ethical standards as:
A) American Psychological Association is to biblical rules.
B) American Psychological Association is to general principles.
C) American Psychological Association is to moral imperatives.
D) American Psychological Association is to ethical laws.

b

Which of the following is an APA general principle, but NOT one of the
Belmont Report principles?
A) beneficence
B) justice
C) integrity
D) respect

c

How many ethical guidelines are outlined by the American
Psychological Association?
A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

d

With regard to sensitive or harmful topics, like stealing, cheating, and
aggression, the APA ethical considerations suggest that they:
A) cannot be investigated.
B) should be treated as any other topic.
C) require creativity to investigate.
D) do not need to adhere to the same ethical standards.

c

The fact that researchers must be mindful of ethical considerations
throughout the entire research process demonstrates the APA
guideline of:
A) respect.
B) justice.
C) integrity.
D) fidelity.

d

What is a confederate?
A) an accomplice of the experimenter
B) participants who have not given assent
C) participants in other studies
D) participants who do not know the purpose of a study

a

A person who works with the experimenter to administer a study by
pretending to be a participant is called a(n):
A) imposter.
B) confederate.
C) actor.
D) traitor

b

Imagine that you are designing a study to investigate a sensitive topic. Which of the following study designs would cause the most unnecessary harm?
A) randomly assigning half of the participants to personally encounter
the sensitive phenomenon
B) studying the phenomenon in its natural habitat without interfering
C) having participants read secondhand accounts of the phenomenon
rather than experiencing it themselves
D) having participants write about a past experience with the
phenomenon rather than subjecting them re-experience it for the
study

a

Which of the following should happen first when testing a research
question?
A) conduct the study using an ethical research design
B) randomly assign participants to conditions
C) draw conclusions
D) perform a cost-benefit analysis

d

Malcolm is a researcher who wants to ensure that he protects the confidentiality of his participants. Which of the following would increase the confidentiality of his study?
A) separating the signed informed consent forms from the data
B) separating the debriefing forms from the data
C) storing the signed informed consent forms with the data
D) storing the debriefing forms with the data

a

Each of the following helps to maintain participant confidentiality, EXCEPT:
A) using a coding system to assign personal identification numbers to
the data.
B) separating the signed informed consent forms from the data.
C) not asking participants to put their name on their experimental
rating forms.
D) discussing a specific individual's data by name in a subsequent
presentation or publication.

d

Deception is often present in the:
A) cover story.
B) debriefing.
C) informed consent.
D) hypothesis.

a

A cover story is used to:
A) tell participants what the study is about.
B) inform participants about the risks and benefits of participation.
C) divulge where deception was used in the study.
D) alert participants to their right to refuse or terminate participation
at any time without penalty.

a

In an experiment, the cover story is:
A) completely true.
B) totally false.
C) a mixture of truth and deception.
D) is developed based on information obtained from the literature
search.

c

With regard to participants' emotional responses to the research
study, the debriefing tells participants that:
A) they overreacted to a hypothetical situation.
B) they underreacted as a result of the research lab being an
unnatural setting.
C) any feelings they had during the study were natural.
D) their emotional responses were unusual and merit further
investigation.

c

When would participants receive the contact information to free counseling services provided by the research institution?
A) during participant recruitment
B) in the debriefing
C) when the study was published or presented
D) immediately after being randomly assigned to a condition

b

How might a research participant behave unethically?
A) by not disclosing the true purpose of the study
B) by failing to understand the research hypothesis
C) by not providing honest and truthful responses
D) by not showing up on time for the study

c

The biggest harm caused by participants who behave unethically is:
A) not finding statistically significant results when a variable actually
has an effect.
B) wasting the researcher's time and resources.
C) frustrating other research participants.
D) hurting science through the publication of potentially inaccurate
results.

d

What is the Institutional Review Board?
A) a governing body that reviews the ethical merit of all research
with humans
B) a governing body that reviews the ethical merit of all research
with animals
C) a governing body that reviews the capital investment of a study
and determines whether it merits being conducted
D) a governing body that reviews whether studies are likely to
achieve statistical significance

a

What does IRB stand for?
A) Institutional Review Board
B) Internal Revenue Board
C) Internal Review Board
D) International Revision Board

a

Which of the following would NOT be included on an IRB committee?
A) university faculty
B) university staff
C) community members, such as physicians
D) undergraduate students

d

Researchers must complete an IRB proposal:
A) every year to maintain their current ethical credentials.
B) every month to maintain their current ethical credentials.
C) for every research study they wish to conduct.
D) once at each research institution at which they work.

c

IRB classifications include all of the following, EXCEPT:
A) exempt.
B) advanced.
C) expedited.
D) full review.

b

An IRB protocol classified as exempt will likely have which of the
following characteristics?
A) it is short
B) it poses minimal risk
C) it utilizes stressful psychological tests
D) it contains no known physical, emotional, psychological, or
economic risk

d

As part of her health psychology study, Gizela would like to require
her research participants to engage in maximal exercise. Because of
this, her IRB study protocol will most likely be reviewed by:
A) only the chair of the IRB.
B) the IRB committee, which is composed of at least five members.
C) a qualified member of the IRB committee selected by the IRB
chair.
D) the President of the university.

b

If Moira is conducting a study with minimal risk and no deception, her
IRB protocol would likely be classified as:
A) exempt.
B) advanced.
C) expedited.
D) full review.

a

If Felicia wants to conduct a research study with no known risk:
A) she does not need to file an IRB protocol.
B) she needs to file an IRB protocol for an exempt study.
C) she needs to file an IRB protocol for an expedited study.
D) she needs to file an IRB protocol for a full review.

b

Minimal risk is to expedited review as:
A) less than minimal risk is to full review.
B) less than minimal risk is to exempt review.
C) greater than minimal risk is to exempt review.
D) greater than minimal risk is to advanced review.

b

The difference between exempt and expedited review is that:
A) one requires an IRB protocol.
B) one requires review by the IRB chair.
C) exempt review is for when there is less than minimal risk.
D) expedited review is for when there is less than minimal risk.

c

Dr. Halpert is a reviewer for the IRB. He receives a research protocol
that details a health psychology study in which participants are
unknowingly injected with strains of chlamydia in order to investigate
the optimal antibiotic treatment. What is likely her first concern?
A) a violation of the ethical principle of respect
B) the researcher's failure to maintain scientific integrity
C) a violation of the principle of fidelity
D) that costs and rewards of the study are not divided fairly among
representative samples of the population

a

Dr. Lavoy is the chair of her university's IRB committee. She receives
a protocol that describes a study on aggression. As part of the
planned study, apes will receive electrical shocks until they exhibit
some form of aggressive behavior. What is likely her first concern?
A) a violation of the principle of respect
B) the researcher's failure to maintain scientific integrity
C) that animal research is not governed by the IRB
D) that costs and rewards of the study are not divided fairly

c

What does IACUC stand for?
A) Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
B) Internal Animal Care and Use Committee
C) Institutional Advancement Council for Use and Care
D) Internal Advancement of Children's Use and Care

a

How often does the IACUC require research laboratories to be
inspected?
A) weekly
B) monthly
C) every six months
D) yearly

c

The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee evaluates adherence
to regulations on each of the following, EXCEPT:
A) housing.
B) food.
C) health care.
D) rate of mortality.

d

The IACUC must consist of at least five members, including at least one:
A) veterinarian.
B) spiritual leader.
C) doctor.
D) social scientist.

a

Human subjects are to IRB as:
A) animals are to IACUC.
B) animals are to CDC.
C) nonhuman subjects are to NCAA.
D) nonhuman subjects are to EPA.

a

Scientific integrity is:
A) the tendency to actively promote the welfare of others.
B) the physical or psychological harm that occurs as the result of
participation in a research study.
C) an ethical principle of research in which a researcher weighs the
benefits and risks before conducting a study.
D) a commitment to intellectual honesty and adherence to ethical
principles in scientific research.
91. How do scientists maintain a high level of

d

How do scientists maintain a high level of scientific integrity?
A) by relying on their intuition to determine what is ethical
B) by maintaining an open and honest approach to science and
adhering to ethical principles
C) by uphold ethical principles only when they are convenient
D) by researching topics that are politically popular

b

_____ is a commitment to intellectual honesty and adherence to ethical
principles in scientific research, whereas _____ is fairness in selecting
participants and in determining which participants receive the benefits
of participation and which bear the burden of risk.
A) Justice; integrity
B) Integrity; beneficence
C) Beneficence; respect
D) Integrity; justice

d

How does the government affect scientific research?
A) by passing laws about what topics can be investigated
B) by manipulating what research methodology is available for use
C) by providing research funding to encourage investigation of
certain areas of interest
D) by publishing research findings that support their current agenda

c

To maintain integrity, data analysis decisions should NOT be guided
by:
A) theoretical considerations.
B) predetermined hypotheses.
C) well-documented theories.
D) desire to confirm predictions.

d

Magda is conducting a study that examines partner selection
preferences. She recruits single participants, but while examining her
data finds that a few of her participants were actually in a relationship.
Is she able to omit the data from the participants who are romantically
involved?
A) No, because that would be data mining.
B) No, because it would violate the principle of integrity.
C) Yes, because her hypothesis and research design give her
sufficient justification to remove those individuals.
D) Yes, because it is her study and as the experimenter she can do
what she feels is best.

c

Margie received a marginally significant finding to her correlational
study examining the relationship between wall color and participant
mood. When writing up her results for publication she summarizes her
efforts to say that certain colors cause better moods and other colors
cause worse moods. What ethical violation has Margie committed?
A) plagiarism
B) misrepresenting
C) omitting data points
D) nonmaleficence

b

Walter creates a graph for his research manuscript that makes his
findings look more significant than they actually are. Barney, on the
other hand, discusses his marginally significant finding as if it were
significant. What do Walter and Barney have in common?
A) Both have behaved ethically.
B) Both have misrepresented their results.
C) Both have plagiarized.
D) Both have violated the principle of ethical justice.

b

What does it mean to say that a researcher overstated his/her results?
A) They blatantly lied about the findings to gain notoriety.
B) They drew conclusions that were not supported by the data.
C) They widely publicized their findings at conferences and through
networking.
D) They altered their data to produce results that they did not
achieve.

b

Figure distortion is related to which aspect of scientific integrity?
A) plagiarism
B) misrepresentation of data
C) fabricating the data
D) paraphrasing

b

The results published by the Tobacco Institute of America during its
existence from 1958? 998 often revealed beneficial aspects of
smoking. Given what we now know about the dangers of smoking, the
findings of the Tobacco Institute were most likely:
A) plagiarized.
B) paraphrased.
C) falsified.
D) the result of the file drawer problem.

c

The nonpublication of research finding that fail to conclusively support
the hypotheses of interest is referred to as:
A) plagiarism.
B) paraphrasing.
C) the file drawer problem.
D) nonmaleficence.

c

The file drawer problem is:
A) when researchers summarize others' ideas in their own words.
B) representing the work of others as your own.
C) the nonpublication of research finding that fail to conclusively
support research hypotheses.
D) when a researcher exposes the identity of participant

c

What is plagiarism?
A) summarizing others' ideas in your own words
B) representing the work of others as your own
C) the nonpublication of research finding that fail to conclusively
support research hypotheses
D) when a researcher exposes the identity of participant

b

In order to avoid representing others' work as your own, an author should:
A) only use his/her own thoughts and ideas.
B) plagiarize.
C) promise anonymity.
D) paraphrase.

d

In an effort to give credit where credit is due, psychological research
papers include:
A) informed consent.
B) in-text citations and a reference page.
C) a works cited page.
D) in-text citations and a bibliography.

b

The application of moral principles concerning what an individual
considers right and wrong to help guide one's decisions and behavior
is called:
A) altruistic perspective.
B) file drawer problem.
C) deception.
D) ethics.

d

The belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping without
personal benefit is called:
A) egoism.
B) the altruistic perspective.
C) the utilitarian perspective.
D) beneficence.

b

Monica believes that her decisions should reflect her moral obligation
to do the greatest good for the greatest number of people. His
personal philosophy demonstrates:
A) the utilitarian perspective.
B) egoism.
C) the file drawer problem.
D) the altruistic perspective

a

Which of the following is one of the basic ethical principles outlined in
the Belmont Report?
A) equality
B) beneficence
C) freedom of religion
D) right to legal counsel

b

Loss of confidentiality is:
A) when the responses and behaviors of participants become public
knowledge.
B) when researcher uses coding to separate participant names from
data.
C) a guarantee that individual responses cannot be linked to
individual participants.
D) the physical toll that study participation takes on participants.

a

Some of the studies conducted before the 1970s, like the Tuskegee
Syphilis Study and Milgram's obedience study, could not be replicated
today, because of:
A) stricter ethical guidelines.
B) loss of confidentiality.
C) cultural standards that discourage research.
D) stricter environmental guidelines.

a

Fairness in the selection of study participants in a manner that equally
distributes costs and benefits is known as:
A) integrity.
B) respect.
C) justice.
D) beneficence.

c

Informed consent is an important part of establishing:
A) justice.
B) beneficence.
C) equality.
D) respect for persons.

d

Which of the following is specified as a vulnerable population?
A) the elderly
B) women
C) prisoners
D) adults

c

Which of the following would NOT be considered coercion?
A) providing excessive compensation for participation
B) threatening physical or psychological harm for failing to
participate in a study
C) offering a bribe to potential participants
D) giving research experience credit to Introduction to Psychology
students in exchange for their participation

d

Informed consent forms must tell participants _____, but they do not
have to tell participants _____.
A) what they are expected to do; where
B) what they are expected to do; why
C) why they are participating; what they are expected to do
D) why they are participating; when

b

Which of the following does NOT involve deception?
A) cover story
B) false feedback
C) using a confederate
D) debriefing

d

Each of the following are benefits of the debriefing, EXCEPT it:
A) helps participants learn about the scientific process.
B) reveals the hypothesis under investigation.
C) provides contact information to counseling services in case the
study causes later emotional distress.
D) contains further deception for the researcher to investigate.

d

What is the Institutional Review Board?
A) a governing body that reviews the ethical merit of all research
conducted with animals as subjects
B) a governing body that reviews the ethical merit of all research
conducted on human subjects
C) a governing body that reviews the capital investment of a study
and determines whether it merits being conducted
D) a governing body that reviews whether studies are likely to
achieve statistical significance and result in publication

b

Phillipe is conducting a research study in which his participants will
encounter the same level of risk encountered in daily life. His study
will most likely receive the IRB review classification of:
A) exempt.
B) advanced.
C) expedited.
D) full review.

c

What does the IACUC oversee?
A) animals
B) children
C) prisoners
D) the mentally ill

a

_____ is the APA guideline that commits researchers to intellectual
honesty and adherence to ethical principles in scientific research.
A) Respect
B) Freedom
C) Integrity
D) Justice

c

The best practices put forth by Simmons and colleagues (2011) to help
decrease the temptation to falsify data include all of the following,
EXCEPT:
A) decide in advance how many participants to collect data from.
B) report all of the different groups included in the study.
C) report only the pieces of data that achieved statistical
significance.
D) report all of the different variables assessed in the study

c

Representing others' work or ideas as your own, without giving proper
credit is known as:
A) plagiarism.
B) paraphrasing.
C) the file drawer problem.
D) nonmaleficence.

a

Imagine that you are the chair of your university's IRB. You receive a
research protocol detailing a study that would examine the impact of
sleep deprivation on driving behavior. The researcher plans to have
participants stay awake for varying numbers of hours in the lab and
then have them operate a car during rush hour traffic. You reject this
study based on its violation of the principle of:
A) integrity.
B) justice.
C) respect.
D) beneficence.

d

A key consideration in science is whether:
A) benefits outweigh costs.
B) a study is culturally relevant.
C) the topic under investigation is interesting.
D) the study would produce significant results.

a

What is egoism?
A) the believe that ethical decisions should be based on acting
opposite of one's own self-interest
B) the believe that ethical decisions should be based on acting in
accordance with one's own self-interest
C) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping
without personal benefit
D) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on doing the
greatest good for the greatest number of people

b

The belief that ethical decisions should be based on doing the greatest
good for the greatest number of people is called:
A) the altruistic perspective.
B) egoism.
C) the utilitarian perspective.
D) beneficence.

c

The report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting
research involving humans is called the _____ Report.
A) Kentucky
B) Oaks
C) Preakness
D) Belmont

d

Roberto believes that for an act to be truly ethical, he must forgo any
form of personal benefit from performing that act. Roberto's belief is
in line with:
A) the utilitarian perspective.
B) egoism.
C) the file drawer problem.
D) the altruistic perspective.

d

Which is the hardest to guarantee?
A) confidentiality
B) respect
C) justice
D) anonymity

d

Selecting participants that are easiest to manipulate violates which
standard?
A) beneficence
B) respect
C) justice
D) anonymity

c

With regard to psychological research, the goal of justice is met by:
A) ensuring the autonomy of participants.
B) ensuring equality in the distribution of costs and benefits.
C) doing as much good as possible.
D) minimizing as much risk as possible.

b

Autonomy is crucial to which principle?
A) beneficence
B) respect
C) informed consent
D) justice

b

Jasmine would like to conduct a study to determine whether children
who watch excessive amounts of television are less intelligent than
those who watch less television. If she conducts her study on the
children she babysits without their parents' consent she is violating
the principle of:
A) justice.
B) beneficence.
C) respect.
D) integrity.

c

The informed consent form must include all of the following, EXCEPT:
A) the researchers name and contact information.
B) a place for the participants' signature or consent to participate.
C) a description of the general purpose and nature of the study.
D) the requirement that participants answer all questions in order to
receive compensation for participation.

d

Which of the following is NOT one of the American Psychological
Association's general principles for ethical research?
A) freedom
B) respect
C) fidelity
D) integrity

a

Why might researchers fail to disclose the study's hypotheses in the
informed consent?
A) researchers only have vague ideas about the relationship between
variables at the beginning of a study
B) participants may respond unnaturally if they know what the
researcher hopes to find
C) because it would be too redundant, given the information is
provided in the debriefing
D) providing participants with this information would violate the
ethical guideline of integrity

b

Vito is preparing to conduct his first research study. Unfortunately,
he is unsure whether he should plan to include a debriefing. When he
asks his research advisor, she is likely to tell him that debriefing is:
A) always required.
B) never required.
C) required when there is deception.
D) required when there is minimal risk.

c

In a research study deception is:
A) not allowed under any circumstances.
B) encouraged in order to get participants to respond naturally to
stimuli.
C) allowed, but only used to the extent that its benefits outweigh its
costs.
D) inevitable.

c

Research proposals submitted to the IRB require each of the following,
EXCEPT:
A) benefits and risks of the study.
B) procedures.
C) copies of forms and questionnaires.
D) debriefing.

d

Which is the correct order of classification for levels of IRB review,
starting with the LEAST risk?
A) exempt, expedited, full review
B) expedited, full review, exempt
C) full review, exempt, expedited
D) exempt, full review, expedited

a

Who governs the care of animals used in research?
A) Institutional Review Board
B) Internal Revenue Board
C) Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
D) Internal Animal Care and Use Committee

c

The commitment to intellectual honesty and adherence to ethical
principles in scientific research is known as:
A) beneficence.
B) justice.
C) respect.
D) integrity.

d

What does massaging the data mean?
A) falsifying data
B) using statistical analyses to examine the data
C) removing participants from the dataset when they violate a
predetermined criteria
D) asking a colleague to re-examine a dataset

a

(Scenario I) What ethical principle would be in question if the criteria
for participating in the study included having health insurance?
A) beneficence
B) justice
C) respect for persons
D) It would violate all principles.

b

(Scenario I) During an IRB meeting one member notes the high dose of
pregabalin proposed in this study may produce significant negative
side effects. Another IRB member says that although this may be true,
it should only affect a few participants. She also notes that other
studies have found pregabalin to have a number of positive effects.
The IRB appears to be engaged in a discussion relating to:
A) beneficence.
B) justice.
C) respect for persons.
D) anonymity.

a

(Scenario I) In the study described in Scenario I, some participants
received a placebo pill. Thinking you are receiving a drug when you
are not is a classic example of:
A) anonymity.
B) fraud.
C) deception.
D) experimentation.

c

(Scenario I) Which of the following is an ethical issue apparent in
Figure 1?
A) Not including error bars suggests the researchers are withholding
information about variability.
B) The scale of the y axis is such that it makes the effect of the drug
appear to be greater than it actually is.
C) How anxiety was operationalized is not presented in the figure.
D) The dose of each drug is not presented along the y axis.

b

(Scenario I) Patty was a participant in the study described in Scenario
I. She told her friend she volunteered because she suffers from social
anxiety and thought her participation might help her. Patty appears to
be motivated based on:
A) altruism.
B) utilitarianism.
C) egoism.
D) idealism.

c

(Scenario II) Based on the current ethical guidelines, from whom did
the researchers in Scenario II obtain informed consent?
A) the children
B) the children's parents
C) the children and their parents
D) No one. Informed consent is not required for survey research.

b

(Scenario II) The level of IRB review most appropriate for the National
Youth Tobacco Survey is:
A) exempt.
B) expedited.
C) partial.
D) full.

d

(Scenario II) The researchers in Scenario II want to conduct a followup
to determine whether children behave in a way consistent with
their perception of e-cigs and cigarettes. In the IRB application, the
researchers propose giving kids in 6th through 12th grades e-cigs and
traditional cigarettes and then recording which type of cigarette the
child chooses to smoke. They also indicate that if a child says they
don't want either, they will be told they must select one and smoke it
for the sake of the study. This procedure goes against which ethical
principle?
A) beneficence
B) justice
C) respect for persons
D) all of the above

c

(Scenario II) Suppose the researchers in Scenario II only analyzed data
from a select group of students without sufficient justification. This
act is best described as ___________ the data.
A) fabricating
B) falsifying
C) massaging
D) manipulating

c

(Scenario III) At the IRB meeting during which the study described in
Scenario III was discussed, one committee member stated 揑f we don't
approve this study a potentially effective treatment for autism may not
be identified.? Which of the following best characterizes this
committee members train of thought?
A) nonmaleficence
B) psychological harm
C) cost-benefit analysis
D) cost of not doing the research

d

(Scenario III) Because of the population studied in Scenario III, the
researchers likely obtained ________ from their legal guardian and
__________ from the participants.
A) informed consent; assent
B) assent; informed consent
C) consent; informed assent
D) informed assent; consent

a

(Scenario III) Prior to the study described in Scenario III, the
researchers examined the effect of oxytocin on bonding between male
and female rats. They found that oxytocin strengthened the bond
between the rat pairs. Before they conducted their rat study they must
have obtained approval from what group?
A) the IRB
B) the IACUC
C) both the IRB and IACUC
D) Animal research does not require approval and oversight.

b

(Scenario III)Suppose Yatawara and colleagues (2015) found oxytocin
had no effect on social bonding, and as a result didn't bother to publish
their findings. Unaware of their null result, a different group of
researchers just invested $35,000 in a study to examine oxytocin as a
treatment for autism. According to your text this illustrates:
A) the file drawer problem.
B) the publication problem.
C) the null result problem.
D) the lock and key problem.

a

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