Fast automatic, and unreasoned feeling and thought is known as

Presentation on theme: "YOU KNOW THE DEFINITIONS… HERE ARE THE EXAMPLES"— Presentation transcript:

1 YOU KNOW THE DEFINITIONS… HERE ARE THE EXAMPLES
THINKING AND LANGUAGE YOU KNOW THE DEFINITIONS… HERE ARE THE EXAMPLES

2 THINKING Cognitive psychology is most directly concerned with the systematic study of problem solving, decision making, concept formation, and forming judgments

3 Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

4 CONCEPTS What is an emoji? How would you explain it to your grandmother?

5 CONCEPTS When we use Hispanic to refer to a group of people When we use the word boat to refer to any vehicle that floats We also organize concepts into hierarchies– states, regions, counties, neighborhoods…

6 CONCEPTS Please write an example of a concept…

7 PROTOTYPES The best example of a particular category

8 PROTOTYPES Ivy League schools: Harvard (versus Penn) Mammals: Cow (versus mouse) Fish: Bass (versus seahorse) People more easily detect male prejudice against women than female prejudice against men because the former more closely resembles their prototype of prejudice

9 PROTOTYPES We are slow to classify items that fail to match our prototypes The majestic platypus

10 PROTOTYPES Give the prototype of your concept

11 TRY THESE… Prototype is to category as ____ is to ____.
rose; flower rock; mountain man; woman rope; weapon Prototype is to category as ____ is to ____. Ford; value car running; exercise man; David Beckham Water polo; sport

12 Creativity The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

13 5 Components of Creativity
Expertise- well-developed base of knowledge. The more you have to work with (words, images, phrases) the more chances we have to combine them in novel ways. Imaginative thinking skills- the ability to see things in new ways. A Venturesome personality- tolerates risk and ambiguity, perseveres in overcoming obstacles, seeks new experiences rather than taking the same route. Intrinsic Motivation- people will be most creative when they feel motivated by the interest, enjoyment and satisfaction. Creative environment- other mentors challenged and supported their ideas.

14 CONVERGENT THINKING Bringing material from a variety of sources to bear on a problem, in such a way as to produce the "correct" answer. This kind of thinking is particularly appropriate in science, maths and technology.

15 DIVERGENT THINKING The broadly creative elaboration of ideas prompted by a stimulus More suited to artistic pursuits and study in the humanities.

16 SOLVING PROBLEMS How can we keep this classroom door closed without using the keys?

17 ALGORITHMS Jane systematically tried each successive key on her dad’s key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. A phone number’s last digit is unreadable, so you try 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, then 9. (Instead of taking lucky guesses)

18 HEURISTIC Where would you find olives (in a jar) in the grocery store?

19 INSIGHT A sudden realization of the solution to a problem The sudden comprehension of the double meaning of a humorous pun As Mary was trying to fall asleep a solution to her homework problem popped into her head.

20 INSIGHT “Every kiss begins with Kay”

21 INSIGHT

22 OBSTACLES TO THINKING Confirmation bias Fixation Functional Fixation
Mental Set

23 CONFIRMATION BIAS The tendency to search for information consistent with our preconceptions When arguing with his wife, Mike cites his cousin Lucy’s many car accidents are evidence that women are worse drivers than men. Rose has such a low level of self-esteem that she is typically on the lookout for critical comments about her appearance and behavior.

24 CONFIRMATION BIAS You’re afraid of immigrants.
You fill your social media with pictures like this…

25 CONFIRMATION BIAS You are racist. Your fill your social media with pictures like this…

26 CONFIRMATION BIAS You hate public school. Your fill your social media with pics like this…

27 Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs
Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Smith watches boys more closely than girls. A student doing a research paper only uses information that is consistent with their beliefs. CONFIRMATION BIAS

28 FIXATIONS The inability to take a new perspective on a problem

29 FIXATIONS Paul screams in his unsuccessful efforts to get his students to listen. His failure to recognize that speaking softly would probably be a more effective way to gain attention best illustrates the negative consequences of fixations. Sara makes chicken for dinner every night even though her house is filled with all kinds of other food.

30 FIXATIONS Brainstorming sessions encourage people to spontaneously suggest new and unusual solutions to a problem and are designed to avoid fixations.

31 FIXATIONS Try this… Using 6 match sticks, make four equilateral triangles…

32 MENTAL SET Tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past

33 MENTAL SET O-T-T-F-?-? U-D-T-?-? J-F-M-A-?-?

34 MENTAL SET O-T-T-F-?-? Answer F, S, S U-D-T-?-? J-F-M-A-?-?

35 TRY THESE…

36 TRY THESE… One step forward, two steps back Double or Nothing
Peppermint Twist Forefathers Enroll Addresses

37 FIXATIONS AND MENTAL SET
In high school, Charlie got away with copying his test answers from his friends. Because college proctors are very observant, Charlie spent many hours devising new ways to cheat. Charlie’s strategies are fixated on the ways to pass his tests that have been successful in the past (which is a mental set)

38 FUNCTIONAL FIXEDNESS Tendency to think of objects only in terms of their normal uses

39 FUNCTIONAL FIXEDNESS You and Bill are having a picnic when it starts to rain. You never think to use the plastic tablecloth as a temporary shelter. You forget to bring a pillow on a trip and never consider using your down jacket as a pillow

40 MAKING DECISIONS AND MISUSING HEURISTICS…
Big or little problems… how do we solve them? Many of us “fly by the seat of our pants”

41 MAKING DECISIONS AND MISUSING HEURISTICS…
We use a lot of trial and error! Think of the last time you used an algorithm to solve a problem!

42 Intuition An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning Fast, automatic, unreasoned feelings and thoughts

43 THE REPRESENTATIVENESS HEURISTIC
Judging the likelihood that things fall into a certain category on the basis of how well they seem to match a particular prototype.

44 THE REPRESENTATIVENESS HEURISTIC
JJ believes that his 4-year old is a hyperactive child because the boy’s constant movement resembles JJ’s prototype of hyperactivity. Because Ken is 6’6” people often assume he is on the basketball team Mistakenly concluding that the forgetful acts of an elderly person must be Alzheimer’s

45 THE AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC
Tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrences We base our judgments on the availability of information in our memories

46 THE AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC
Does the letter K appear more often as the 1st or 3rd letter in English usage?

47 THE AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC
Does the letter K appear more often as the 1st or 3rd letter in English usage? Knowledge, kingdom, kick… actually make, likely, asked, and acknowledge are far more likely

48 THE AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC
Kevin overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it is easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done

49 THE AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC
After learning that her two best friends had recently lost their jobs, Mariah grossly overestimates the national rate of unemployment. Many people overestimate how long they actually remain awake during restless nights because their moments of wakefulness are easier to recall than their moments of sleep.

50 THE AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC
Airline reservations typically decline after a highly publicized airplane crash because people overestimate the incidence of such disasters. After reading a bunch of news articles about car thefts, Joan believes that car thievery is far more common than they are. There tends to be less beachgoers the week after shark week. THE AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC

51 OVERCONFIDENCE The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments

52 OVERCONFIDENCE Steve was certain that he answered between 70 and 80 items correctly on his test when he only scored 55. College students routinely underestimate how much time it will take them to complete assigned course projects. After being promoted to varsity football his sophomore year, Mike is sure he will be offered a football scholarship to college

53 THE FRAMING EFFECT The way a problem or issue is phrased or worded and how it significantly affects decisions and judgments

54 THE FRAMING EFFECT Would you eat chicken that was “75% lean” or “25% fat” Which is scarier? A chemical that is projected to kill 10 out of every 10 million people or a chemical with a fatality risk?

55 BELIEF BIAS The tendency for one’s preexisting opinions to distort logical reasoning. They sometimes make invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.

56 BELIEF BIAS Jon thinks that all socialists are political liberals The governor of his state is a political liberal. Jon’s fear of socialism is so strong that he readily accepts the clearly illogical conclusion that his state governor must be a socialist

57 BELIEF BIAS Von believes that some murderers truly love their own children. He also believes that all who truly love their own children are effective parents. Von’s negative attitude toward murderers is so strong, that he finds it very difficult to accept the logical conclusion that some murderers are effective parents.

58 THE BELIEF PERSEVERANCE PHENOMENON
Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited THE BELIEF PERSEVERANCE PHENOMENON

59 THE BELIEF PERSEVERANCE PHENOMENON
Can you think of a person who made a really horrible first impression? Were you able to move beyond the initial first impression?

60 LANGUAGE

61 LANGUAGE

62 PHONEMES Smallest distinct units of sound B+a+t= Bat, Th+e= The The English language has 40, and linguists have identified 869 in human speech Vowels that can be placed between a “p” and an “n” can produce pan, pain, pen, pin, and pun.

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65 MORPHEMES The smallest speech units that carry meaning In the words lightly, neatly, and shortly the “ly” ending is a morpheme. How many in the word antidisestablishmentarianisms? How many in uncertainties, undesirables, unicorn?

66 GRAMMAR A system of rules (this includes semantics and syntax) that enable us to communicate

67 SEMANTICS The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences The hot rock musician was hit with a rock while performing his latest hit. Arms race

68 SYNTAX Orderly arrangement of words into grammatically sensible sentences Can you please give me a ride to the airport? Vs. Can you please a ride to the airport give? Word meaning is to word order as semantics is to syntax.

69 THINK ABOUT THIS… The average high school graduate knows 80,000 words. 5000 words are learned each year 13 words each day

70 CRITICAL PERIOD Is there a critical period for learning language? YES! Most people can easily master the grammar of a second language as a child– but not so easy as an adult.

71 BABBLING STAGE the spontaneous utterance of a variety of sounds by infants Infants will make some sound that do not occur in their parents’ native language Infants gradually lose their ability to discriminate sounds they never hear

72 ONE-WORD STAGE Self-explanatory

73 TWO-WORD STAGE/TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH
Eat apple, want cookie, Usually follow rules of syntax… usually big doggie, not doggie big Mostly nouns and verbs– “want juice”

74 OVER-REGULARIZING OF SPEECH
Children will learn a grammatical rule and use it in situations where it is not appropriate Kids learn that the ending “ed” mean past tense Over-regularizing would be saying runed and hitted

75 SO, HOW DO WE LEARN SPEECH?
Skinner– nurture (learned) Chomsky– nature (innate)

76 SKINNER’S OPERANT LEARNING
Explained language development with familiar learning principles Association- of the sights of things with the sounds of words Imitation- of the words and syntax modeled by others Reinforcement- with success comes smiles and laughter when the child talks

77 NOAM CHOMSKY Emphasized that the acquisition of language by children is facilitated by an inborn readiness to learn grammatical rules Disagreed with Skinner, said that language was like sexual maturation… given adequate nurture, it just “happens to the child”

78 LINGUISTIC DETERMINISM
Whorf-- Language determines the way we think English Language has a rich vocabulary for self- focused emotions like anger Japanese has many words for interpersonal emotions like sympathy The Native American Hopi tribe’s language

79 LINGUISTIC DETERMINISM
Walk Stomp Run Chase Slither Gallop Meander Mosey Glide Waltz Jog Side shuffle Skip Hop Trot Cartwheel Fly Sprint Jump Strut Galumph Stumble Trudge LINGUISTIC DETERMINISM How can you get down the hall?

80 THE END! Katharine was here

When people suddenly have the realization that they have solve the problem is called?

How do smart thinkers use intuition?

What is a mental grouping of similar objects and people?

Which linguist proposed that the thoughts that an individual has are determined?